From Contractual Breach to Corporate Criminal Liability: Exploitation of Debtor Data by Account Officers in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v12i2.5298Keywords:
Account Officers, Banking Crimes, Corporate Liability, Personal Data ProtectionAbstract
The aim of this study is to analyze criminal liability for data exploitation committed by an AO in order to establish corporate liability against the receiving bank.
The method used in this study is a normative approach with legal and conceptual perspectives. This study analyzes the shift in the nature of illegality from a breach of contract to criminal data exploitation.
The novelty of this study demonstrates that recipient banks, which derive economic benefits from such illegal data, qualify as Beneficial Owners subject to corporate criminal liability under the doctrine of Vicarious Liability.
The results of this study indicate that the transfer of data without specific written consent constitutes a criminal offense under Article 65(2) of the Personal Data Protection Act.
Conclusion This study recommends the establishment of criminal policies based on Economic Analysis of Law, applying cumulative sanctions: imprisonment for individuals and substantial administrative fines for corporations. This step is crucial to eliminate the economic incentives behind data crimes and ensure legal certainty in the digital banking environment.
References
Agustianto. “Pentingnya Transparansi Beneficial Ownership Oleh Korporasi.” JUSTISI 8, no. 2 (2019): 108–18. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v8i2.1678.
Angga, Putu, Pratama Sukma, dan Edmon Makarim. URGENSI KONSEP DAN PRINSIP MENGENAI PERLINDUNGAN DATA PRIBADI DI INDONESIA. t.t.
Ariyanny, Renny, Sung Jun Bae, Mohammad Kemal Dermawan, dan Anna Bosch. “Disgorgement of Profits: An Alternative Solution to Stolen State Assets’ Recovery from Corporate Financial Crimes.” Hasanuddin Law Review 9, no. 2 (2023): 139–54. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v9i2.4622.
Atmari, Atmari, Budiarsih Budiarsih, dan Slamet Suhartono. “Legal Protection of Resigning Workers’ Right Over Separation Pay Compensation in Justice Perspective.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 8 (2020): 713. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.1998.
Basri, Muhammad, dan Afif Muhni. “Assets Depreciation as an Economic Challenge Assets Recovery from Corruption.” Dalam Pakistan Journal of Criminology, vol. 16. no. 04. t.t.
Dera, Alfa, dan Fauzie Yusuf Hasibuan. “Dominus Litis Restorative Model: Reconstruction of the Role of the Prosecutor in Criminal Procedure Law Against Perpetrators with Mental and/or Intellectual Disabilities.” Dalam Advances in Social Humanities Research, vol. 3. no. 7. 2025.
Disemadi, Hari Sutra. “Urgensi Regulasi Khusus dan Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence dalam Mewujudkan Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia.” Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika 5, no. 2 (2021): 177. https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v5i2.460.
Djeundje, Viani B., Jonathan Crook, Raffaella Calabrese, dan Mona Hamid. “Enhancing credit scoring with alternative data.” Expert Systems with Applications 163 (Januari 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113766.
Fadhlina, Amilah, Regina Resentia, Syarifah Fatimahtazzuhrah Rukhsal Assegaf, Herpandu Hadiwibowo, dan Alicia Shafa Azzahra. Perlindungan Data Pribadi Nasabah dalam Transaksi Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) dalam Rupiah Digital. 7, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v7i1.
Fatmala Putri, Dewi, dan Widya Ratna Sari. “ANALISIS PERLINDUNGAN NASABAH BSI TERHADAP KEBOCORAN DATA DALAM MENGGUNAKAN DIGITAL BANKING.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Manajemen 1, no. 4 (2023): 173–81. https://doi.org/10.61722/jiem.v1i4.331.
Febrian Rukmana Aji, Hieronymus, dan Abraham Ferry Rosando. “PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP HASIL FOTO PRIBADI YANG DIGUNAKAN ORANG LAIN DI INSTAGRAM.” Dalam Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, vol. 2. t.t.
Galang Surya Mahendra. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Yang Data Pribadi Passportnya Tersebar Akibat Kelalaian Pemerintah.” Terang : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum 1, no. 3 (2024): 104–11. https://doi.org/10.62383/terang.v1i3.382.
Hayfa, Jessenia, Rizky Rani, Sheren Regina Wungkana, dkk. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Implementation of Data Protection Authority (DPA) in Indonesia: The Urgency of Legal Protection of Customer’s Personal Data in E-Banking Service Transactions. Vol. 5. no. 1. 2024.
Ikhwan Bintarto Sayang Bidul Zaid, Muhammad Al, Muhammad Al Ikhwan Bintarto, dan Sayang Bidul. Analysis of Economic Analysis of Law Principle In Purchase Fuel By Application (Study of MyPertamina). t.t.
Irwanto, Hartono Tasir, Wiranti Wiranti, Muhammad Fitratallah Dahlan, dan Nadiah Khaeriah Kadir. “Ethics and Law of Personal Data Protection for Smartwatches in the Healthcare Sector.” SIGn Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 1 (2025): 421–36. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i1.489.
Januarsyah, Mas Putra Zenno, Dwidja Priyatno, Somawijaya, dan Widiada Gunakaya. “The Renewal Policy of the Adultery Concept in Article 411 of the Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code.” Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n1.a1.
Kozodoi, Nikita, Johannes Jacob, dan Stefan Lessmann. “Fairness in credit scoring: Assessment, implementation and profit implications.” European Journal of Operational Research 297, no. 3 (2022): 1083–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.06.023.
Kurniawan, Komang Suputra, dan I. Gede Agus Kurniawan. “The Limitations of Lex Generalis: Analyzing the Readiness of the GDPR and PDP Law for AI-Based Facial Recognition Technology.” SIGn Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 2 (2025): 838–52. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.533.
Luo, Jia, Junping Xu, Obaid Aldosari, Sara A. Althubiti, dan Wejdan Deebani. “Design and Implementation of an Efficient Electronic Bank Management Information System Based Data Warehouse and Data Mining Processing.” Information Processing and Management 59, no. 6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103086.
Makarim, Edmon. “Privacy and Personal Data Protection in Indonesia: The Hybrid Paradigm of the Subjective and Objective Approach.” Dalam Data Protection Around the World: Privacy Laws in Action, disunting oleh Elif Kiesow Cortez. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-407-5_6.
Mariyam, Siti, Sri Mulyani, dan Saryana Saryana. “Corporate Liability of Ride-Hailing Services: An Analysis of Partnership Legal Fiction and the Reconstruction of Passenger Safety Regulation.” SIGn Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 2 (2025): 803–20. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.529.
MARTIN, Víctor Gómez. “The Criminal Liability of the Compliance Officer: An Approach Through Several Hard Cases.” Journal of Penal Law & Criminology, advance online publication, 29 Juni 2020. https://doi.org/10.26650/jplc2020-0010.
Martupa, Abraham Ethan, Sahat Marune, dan Brandon Hartanto. “Strengthening Personal Data Protection, Cyber Security, and Improving Public Awareness in Indonesia: Progressive Legal Perspective.” International Journal of Business, Economics and Social Development 2, no. 4 (2021): 143–52.
Muhni, A. Strategi Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang pada Lembaga Perbankan. Repository.unhas.ac.id, 2020.
Muhni, Afif, Muhammad Basri, Zul Khadir Kadir, dan Zul Khaidir Kadir. “MEDICOLEGAL PENGGUNAAN KADAVER MANUSIA UNTUK BEDAH ANATOMI MEDIS DAN TRANSPLANTASI ORGAN MEDICOLEGAL USE OF HUMAN CADAVERS FOR MEDICAL ANATOMICAL SURGERY AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION.” Jurnal Hukum dan Etika Kesehatan 5, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.30649/jhek.v5i2.237.
Muhni, Afif, Muhammad Basri, Syarif Saddam Rivanie, Ismail Iskandar, Audyna Mayasari Muin, dan Hijrah Adhyanti Mirzana. “Integration of Anti-SLAPP in the Reform of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code in an Effort to Protect Human Rights.” SIGn Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 1 (2025): 437–53. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i1.485.
Munawar, Kukun Abdul Syakur, Hisam Ahyani, Abdul Rahim, Ali Mutakin, dan Md Yazid Ahmad. “Reversed Burden of Proof in Online Gambling Fraud: Consumer Protection Based on Islamic Law in West Java.” Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 8, no. 2 (2025): 243–61. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v8i2.12886.
Muthia, Nuriyah Fara, Afif Muhni, dan Nurisnah H. “Dual use satellites in the Ukraine conflict: The dilemma between state sovereignty and the principle of non-militarization of outer space.” Priviet Social Sciences Journal 5, no. 10 (2025): 146–55. https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v5i10.715.
Palazzo, Maria, Agostino Vollero, dan Alfonso Siano. “From strategic corporate social responsibility to value creation: an analysis of corporate website communication in the banking sector.” International Journal of Bank Marketing 38, no. 7 (2020): 1529–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2020-0168.
Pardosi, Rodes Ober Adi Guna, dan Yuliana Primawardani. “Perlindungan Hak Pengguna Layanan Pinjaman Online dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal HAM 11, no. 3 (2020): 353. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2020.11.353-368.
Putriyantil, Erma Defiana, Abdul Rachmad Budiono, dan Reka Dewantara. The Relevance Of Protectıng Debtor Customer Data And Informatıon Through Bank Secrecy: A Comparatıve Study In Indonesıa, Malaysıa And The Unıted Kıngdom. 04, no. 04 (t.t.).
Ramsay, Sahur. “Pertanggungjawaban Direksi atas Kerugian Perseroan dalam Perusahaan Grup.” JUSTISI 8, no. 3 (2022): 209–23. https://doi.org/10.33506/jurnaljustisi.v8i3.1823.
Risal, Abdul. “Legal Protection for Debtors in Online Transactions: Evaluating Safeguards in E-Commerce.” Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 7, no. 2 (2024): 176–87. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v7i2.11656.
Rohendi, Acep, dan Dona Budi Kharisma. “Personal data protection in fintech: A case study from Indonesia.” Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 7 (2024). https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4158.
Salsabila, Uly Alfinda, dan Dona Budi Kharisma. “Mechanism Law Enforcement on Fintech Personal Data Abuse Post -Law Number 27 of 2022 Concerning Personal Data Protection.” Dalam Proceedings of the International Conference on Democracy and National Resilience 2025 (ICDNR 2025), vol. 981, disunting oleh Sunny Ummul Firdaus, Gayatri Dyah Suprobowati, R. Prihandjojo Andri Putranto, dkk. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press SARL, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-529-4_11.
Sari, Pala, dan Pariaman Ompusunggu. “Analisis Hukum Terhadap Perlindungan Data Pribadi Nasabah dalam Layanan Perbankan Digital di Indonesia.” Dalam Aufklarung: Jurnal Pendidikan, vol. 3. no. 3. 2023.
Simbolon, Valentina Ancillia, dan Vishnu Juwono. “Comparative Review of Personal Data Protection Policy in Indonesia and The European Union General Data Protection Regulation.” Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi) 11, no. 2 (2022): 178. https://doi.org/10.31314/pjia.11.2.178-190.2022.
Taylor, M. B. “Counter corporate litigation: Remedy, regulation, and repression in the struggle for a just transition.” Sustainability, 2021.
Usman, Rachmadi. “Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) Exploration of nexus between legal liability and corporate fraud: where do business laws and criminology converge?” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS)-Official Journal of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology 18, no. 1 (t.t.): 232–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756251/IJCJS.
Uswatun Hasanah, Djulaeka Djulaeka, Murni Murni, dan A. Zaenurrosyid. “The Phenomenon of Personal Data as a ‘Pseudo Guarantee’ In Fintech : Legal or Not?” JUSTISI 11, no. 3 (2025): 763–80. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v11i3.4247.
Vovk, Viktoriia, Yuliia Zhezherun, Olena Bilovodska, Vitalina Babenko, dan Alevtyna Biriukova. “Financial monitoring in the bank as a market instrument in the conditions of innovative development and digitalization of economy: Management and legal aspects of the risk-based approach.” International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Production Research 31, no. 4 (2020): 559–70. https://doi.org/10.22068/ijiepr.31.4.559.
Wawasan, Literasi &., Komprehensif Hukum, Sitta Saraya, dkk. HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA. 2025.
Yuspin, Wardah, Kelik Wardiono, Aditya Nurrahman, dan Arief Budiono. “Personal Data Protection Law in Digital Banking Governance in Indonesia.” Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 32, no. 1 (2023): 99–130. https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.1.99-130.
Zorzetto, Silvia. “Better Regulation, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Evidence Based Legal Design: A Critical Inquiry.” Dalam Developments in Law and Economics in the Italo-Iberoamerican Context, disunting oleh Betzabé and Sotomayor Trelles José Enrique and Ferraro Francesco Zorzetto Silviaand Marciani Burgos. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-03317-8_7.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Afif Muhni, Muhammad Basri, Syarif Saddam Rivanie, Nuriyah Fara Muthia, Ulil Amri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
