Civil Liability for Non-Material Damages in Online Gender-Based Violence: Toward an Integrated Restitution Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v12i3.5745Keywords:
Online Gender-Based Violence, Non-Material Damages, Civil Law Liability, Restitution, TPKS LawAbstract
This study aims to analyze civil liability for non-material damages arising from online gender-based violence (OGBV) in Indonesia and to identify obstacles to the implementation of the restitution mechanism under Article 30 of Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law).
The research method employs an empirical juridical approach within a socio-legal framework. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with senior legal advocates experienced in OGBV restitution procedures, analysis of relevant legal documents, and qualitative analysis of five selected district court decisions issued between 2022 and 2025, supplemented by institutional reports from Komnas Perempuan and the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK).
The novelty of this study lies in developing an integrated restitution framework that connects the criminal restitution mechanism under Article 30 of the TPKS Law as lex specialis with civil claims under Article 1365 of the Civil Code as a complementary avenue for recovering non-material damages suffered by OGBV victims. Unlike previous studies that tend to examine criminal and civil mechanisms separately, this study conceptualizes their integration through a victim-oriented and gender-sensitive framework.
The results of the study indicate that the restitution mechanism under the TPKS Law has not been optimally implemented in judicial practice, particularly due to the absence of standardized guidance for assessing non-material damages and the limited incorporation of victim perspectives in law enforcement practices. This finding is contextualized by Komnas Perempuan data recording 1,791 OGBV reports in 2024, representing a 40.8 percent increase from the previous year.
In conclusion, more effective recovery of non-material damages for OGBV victims requires greater integration between criminal restitution and civil compensation mechanisms, supported by judicial guidelines for assessing non-material damages and trauma-informed training for law enforcement officers handling OGBV cases.
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