The Exclusionary Data Conduct in Digital Mergers: An Indonesian Competition Law Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v12i1.4473Keywords:
Competition Law, Digital Economy, Digital Mergers, New Harm TheoryAbstract
The aim of this study is to examine the regulatory gap in Indonesian competition law regarding the use of user data by platform-based companies after a digital merger, by examining how the current legal framework responds to data-based exclusive practices and assessing its adequacy in regulating the dynamics of digital merger control.
The method of this study examines the norms, principles, and legal doctrines contained in legislation, court decisions, legal theory, and scientific writings related to competition law, which are analyzed using current theories of harm.
The novelty of this research is the application of the Newer Theory of Harm in analyzing digital mergers and acquisitions, particularly in privacy-based theory, where consumer data protection is an important aspect that needs to be considered in mergers and acquisitions. Consumer data privacy protection can be used as a quality assessment that must be met in the testing process that must be carried out before mergers and acquisitions.
The results of the study show that merger regulations in Indonesian competition law are still oriented towards market concentration and price impacts, so they are not yet fully capable of addressing data-based exclusive practices and digital ecosystem dominance post-merger. This study concludes that digital merger supervision in Indonesia needs to be developed by expanding the analysis of big data control and its implications for fair business competition, taking lessons from the experience of the German Competition Authority and the European Union's Digital Markets Act regulations.
The conclusion of this study concerns the assessment of mergers and acquisitions in Indonesian Competition Law; learning from the German Competition Authority and the European Union's Digital Markets Act, the government must expand its analysis of how access to big data affects a healthy competition ecosystem.
References
Adra, Samer, and Leonidas G. Barbopoulos. “The Valuation Effects of Investor Attention in Stock-Financed Acquisitions.” Journal of Empirical Finance 45 (January 2018): 108–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2017.10.001.
Alifia Zahra Lathifah, Anida Amalia Rahma, Myalavina Ismathillah, Yasmin Intanalina, and Naerul Edwin Kiky Aprianto. “Integrasi, Merger, Dan Konglomerasi : Implikasinya Terhadap Kebijakan Persaingan Usaha.” Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Ekonomi , no. 1 (December 18, 2024): 360–68. https://doi.org/10.54066/jmbe-itb.v3i1.2800.
Amri, Prima. “The Urgency of Regulating The Misuse of Personal Data Possession By E-Commerce From The Perspective of Competition Law.” Domus Legalis Cogitatio 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–20.
Andersen, William R. Antitrust Law: Policy and Practice. Carolina Academic Press, 2017.
Arfin, and R.D. Lindawati. “Green Constitution Concept to Achieve Green Indonesia 2030.” International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 29, no. 3 Special (2020): 1251–56.
Bednar, V., Qarri. “Study of Competition Issues in Data-Driven Markets in Canada.” colindeacon, 2022. https://www.colindeacon.ca/s/vivic-research-competition-data-driven-markets-final-report-2022.pdf.
Capobianco, Antonio. “Theories of Harm for Digital Mergers,” 2023.
CFI Team. “Horizontal Merger.” CFI, 2025. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/horizontal-merger/.
Cozzolino, Alessio, Leonardo Corbo, and Paolo Aversa. “Digital Platform-Based Ecosystems: The Evolution of Collaboration and Competition between Incumbent Producers and Entrant Platforms.” Journal of Business Research 126 (March 2021): 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.12.058.
Cremer, Jacques. Competition Policy for The Digital Era. Luxembourg: European Commission, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2763/407537.
Esayas, Samson. “Privacy as a Non-Price Competition Parameter: Theories of Harm in Mergers.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3232701.
Esmeralda Ivana Rismauli, and Suherman Suherman. “Market Domination Through Social Media and E-Commerce Merger in Business Competition Law’s Perspective.” Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 4, no. 4 (June 10, 2024): 752–65. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v4i4.435.
European Commission. “The Digital Markets Act: Ensuring Fair and Open Digital Markets.” An official website of the European Union, 2022. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-markets-act-ensuring-fair-and-open-digital-markets_en.
Gorecka, A. “Abuse of Platform Power: Leveraging Conduct in Digital Markets under EU Competition Law and Beyond.” In Edinburgh Law Review, 2024.
Hadi, Hernawan. “Analisis Pengaturan Merger, Akuisisi, Dan Konsolidasi Perseroan Terbatas Dalam Ketentuan Undang-Undang No.5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.” Privat Law 9, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/privat.v9i2.60053.
Hermes, Sebastian. “Digital Platforms and Market Dominance: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review and Avenues for Future Research.” In PACIS, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341452662_Digital_Platforms_and_Market_Dominance_Insights_from_a_Systematic_Literature_Review_and_Avenues_for_Future_Research.
Jakarta Globe. “Gojek, Tokopedia Create GoTo in a Landmark Merger Deal.” Globe, 2021. https://jakartaglobe.id/business/gojek-tokopedia-create-goto-in-a-landmark-merger-deal.
James, Mancini. “THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF MARKET POWER IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY OECD Competition Policy Roundtable Background Note,” 2022. www.oecd.org/daf/competition/the-evolving-concept-of-.
Jusmadi, Rhido, and Aru Armando. “Structure, Conduct, Performance (SCP) Approach & Fairness Principle in Business Competition Law in The Era of Digital Platforms.” Justitia Jurnal Hukum 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2024). https://doi.org/10.30651/justitia.v8i2.23074.
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia. “Siaran Pers Kemenko Perekonomian Nomor HM. 4.6/385/SET.M.EKON.3/10/2021 Tentang Pengembangan Ekonomi Digital Di Indonesia.” Jakarta, 2021.
Kenton, Will. “Vertical Merger: Definition, How It Works, Purpose, and Example.” Investopedia, 2022. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/verticalmerger.asp#:~:text=A vertical merger is the,process%2C and ramp up business.
Kittaka, Yuta, Susumu Sato, and Yusuke Zennyo. “Self-Preferencing by Platforms: A Literature Review.” Japan and the World Economy 66 (June 2023): 101–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2023.101191.
KPPU. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat (1999).
Lee, Chaehyeon, Sajan Maharjan, Kyungchan Ko, and James Won-Ki Hong. “Toward Detecting Illegal Transactions on Bitcoin Using Machine-Learning Methods.” In International Conference on Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems, 520–33, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2777-7_42.
Lee, H.-J., H.-J. Cha, and D Won. “Economic Routing of Electric Vehicles Using Dynamic Pricing in Consideration of System Voltage.” Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9, no. 20 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204337.
Mäihäniemi, Beata. Competition Law and Big Data. University Researcher (Sustainable Transition), Faculty of Law, University of Lapland, 2020. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/competition-law-and-big-data-9781788974257.html?srsltid=AfmBOopXiAZG5IraMKrJ0y6dQVnffSBMwjOiq21uJa9RZ_LwElq95cqP.
McKindsey and Company. “The Economic Potential of Generative AI:The Next Productivity Frontier,” 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier#introduction.
Mishra, Sachin. “The Legal Status of Electronic Agents,” 2022. https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l245-Electronic-agents.html.
Mitretodis, Alexandra. “Interaction Between Privacy and Competition Law in a Digital Economy.” Fasken, 2019. https://www.fasken.com/en/knowledge/2019/07/interaction-between-privacy-and-competition-law-in-a-digital-economy.
Reiling, Dory. Technology for Justice (Dissertation). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.
Richard E. Susskind, Daniel Susskind. “The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts.” Oxford University Press, 2015. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iYpmCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Richard+Susskind,+et+al.,+2015,+The+Future+of+The+Professions:+How+Technology+&ots=utrBcBBctX&sig=AYKnQVL087_2RAy56Kn0wNagrkI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Richard Susskind%2C et al.%2C.
Robles Martín-Laborda, Antonio. “Standard Arbitration Agreements and Cartel Damages Under EU Law,” 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4944291.
Rohmat. “Urgensi Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pasar Digital Sebagai Instrumen Pengawasan Persaingan Usaha Di Era Digital.” Jurnal Persaingan Usaha 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 118–26. https://doi.org/10.55869/kppu.v2i2.76.
Sokol, D. Daniel, and Jingyuan Ma. “Understanding Online Markets and Antitrust Analysis.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2813855.
Song, X, L Qin, H Qi, S Li, H Qian, L Dong, and Y Ni. “Incentive Framework for Mobile Data Offloading Market under QoE-Aware Users.” IET Communications 14, no. 13 (2020): 2151–61. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2019.0498.
Tang, Haodan, Senhui Fang, and Dianchun Jiang. “The Market Value Effect of Digital Mergers and Acquisitions: Evidence from China.” Economic Modelling 116 (November 2022): 106006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106006.
Tanzil, Devina, and Kristianto P.H. Silalahi. “Pelindungan Data Pribadi Dalam Analisis Penyalahgunaan Posisi Dominan Berdasarkan Hukum Persaingan Usaha.” Gloria Justitia 2, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.25170/gloriajustitia.v2i1.3359.
Woźniak-Cichuta, Monika. “Digital Data-Driven Mergers: Is Data-Sharing Remedy a Panaceum?” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4718520.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kukuh Tejomurti, Ashyah Azzahra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
