Reconceptualizing Legal Protection for Drug Addicts: A Restorative Justice Perspective in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v12i2.5132Keywords:
Legal Protection, Drug Addicts, Rehabilitation, Restorative JusticeAbstract
This study aims to analyze legal protections for drug addicts and to examine the relevance of applying restorative justice within the Indonesian criminal justice system, particularly in recognizing addicts as legal subjects who possess a dual role as both perpetrators and victims.
The methods employed are normative legal analysis using statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, analyzed qualitatively through primary legal sources, court rulings, and relevant academic literature.
The novelty of this study lies in the development of an integrated analytical model that combines legal protection theory, victimology, and the principles of restorative and rehabilitative justice, while formulating a regulatory harmonization model that positions drug addicts as subjects of legal protection within narcotics policy.
The findings indicate that the legal status of drug users within Indonesia’s criminal justice system remains ambiguous, leading to the dominance of a repressive approach that conflicts with the principle of rehabilitation. The normative inconsistency between Articles 54 and 103 and the criminalization provisions in Article 127 of Law No. 35 of 2009, as well as the disharmony with criminal procedure law and the internal policies of law enforcement agencies, creates legal uncertainty in practice.
The conclusions of this study affirm that regulatory reform is needed, oriented toward strengthening rehabilitation as a right of drug users, strengthening rehabilitation institutions, reducing social stigma, and optimizing restorative justice approaches to realize a criminal justice system that is more just, humane, and sustainable.
References
Adhar, Syamsul, Marlina Marlina, and Ibnu Affan. “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pecandu Dan Penyalahguna Narkotika Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kisaran Nomor 296/Pid. Sus/2021/PN. Kis).” Jurnal Ilmiah METADATA 3, no. 3 (2021): 793–817. https://ejournal.steitholabulilmi.ac.id/index.php/metadata/article/view/88.
Afrizal, Riki, and Upita Anggunsuri. “Optimalisasi Proses Asesmen Terhadap Penyalah Guna Narkotika Dalam Rangka Efektivitas Rehabilitasi Medis Dan Sosial Bagi Pecandu Narkotika.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 19, no. 3 (2019): 259–68. https://lawpolicyjournal.id/index.php/dejure/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=555&publicationId=443
Ahmadushshodiq, Amjad Fauzan, and Deni Tahyudin. “KRIMINALISASI PENGGUNA NARKOTIKA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM: ANALISIS YURIDIS, DAMPAK SOSIAL, DAN TANTANGAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM.” Synergy: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 3, no. 01 (2025): 1–12. https://e-journal.naureendigition.com/index.php/sjim/article/view/1846
Andriawan, Rido Rizki. “Penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika Dan Perhatian Khusus Terhadap Generasi Milenial.” Jurnal Media Administrasi 8, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. https://diajeng.lldikti6.id/journals/63?year=2023&issue=1
Arief, Barda Nawawi. “Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana (Perkembangan Penyusunan Konsep KUHP Baru), Cet.” Kedua, Cet. Ke-6, Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2017. https://www.academia.edu/88382676/Disparity_Of_Death_Penalthy_Decision_Against_People_Criminal_Acts_Of_Dark_Circular_Narcotics
Armstrong, Jac. “Rethinking the Restorative–Retributive Dichotomy: Is Reconciliation Possible?” Contemporary Justice Review 17, no. 3 (2014): 362–74. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265606395_Rethinking_the_restorative-retributive_dichotomy_is_reconciliation_possible
Braithwaite, John. Restorative Justice & Responsive Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://johnbraithwaite.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Restorative-Justice-and-Responsive-regulation-book.pdf
Crime, United Nations Office on Drugs and. “International Standards on Drug Use Prevention.” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & World Health Organization Vienna, 2018. https://www.unodc.org/documents/prevention/UNODC-WHO_2018_prevention_standards_E.pdf
DELVI, YUSRIL. “REHABILITASI PECANDU NARKOBA SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMIDANAAN”.” Universitas dharma andalas, 2025. https://repository.unidha.ac.id/id/eprint/1245/
Disemadi, Hari Sutra, and Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya. “Reformasi Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia Berwawasan Pancasila.” Kertha Wicaksana 15, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351907767_Reformasi_Sistem_Peradilan_Pidana_Indonesia_Berwawasan_Pancasila
Dolovich, Sharon. “Forms of Deference in Prison Law.” Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, no. 4 (2012): 245–59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/fsr.2012.24.4.245
Elkington, Amy. Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Morals and Policy. Taylor & Francis, 2025. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003408383/criminal-law-criminal-justice-amy-elkington
Fani, Ryan, and Riza Zulfikar. “PEMERIKSAAN TAMBAHAN OLEH PENUNTUT UMUM TERHADAP TERSANGKA DALAM PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM ACARA PIDANA DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN MEKANISME PRAPENUNTUTAN SESUAI HUKUM POSITIF DI NEGARA INDONESIA.” Wacana Paramarta: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 22, no. 1 (2023): 25–34. http://paramarta.web.id/index.php/paramarta/article/view/244
Fraser, Suzanne, Kiran Pienaar, Ella Dilkes-Frayne, David Moore, Renata Kokanovic, Carla Treloar, and Adrian Dunlop. “Addiction Stigma and the Biopolitics of Liberal Modernity: A Qualitative Analysis.” International Journal of Drug Policy 44 (2017): 192–201. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28366599/
Gosita, Arif. “Masalah Korban Kejahatan: Kumpulan Karangan.” (No Title), 2004.
Greenwald, Glenn. “Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies.” Cato Institute Whitepaper Series, 2009. https://www.cato.org/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies
Hadiansyah, Risya, and Nur Rochaeti. “Penerapan Rehabilitasi Terhadap Anak Penyalahguna Narkotika.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–13. https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jphi/article/view/13542/0
Halim, Mustafa‘Afifi Ab, Shabrina Zata Amni, and Mufti Maulana. “Legal System in the Perspectives of HLA Hart and Lawrence M. Friedman.” Peradaban Journal of Law and Society 2, no. 1 (2023): 51–61. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371690890_Legal_System_in_the_Perspectives_of_HLA_Hart_and_Lawrence_M_Friedman
Harahap, M Yahya. “Pembahasan Dan Permasalahan Dan Penerapan KUHAP, Sinar Grafika.” Jakarta, 2000.
Harve, Donal Wilson. “Evaluating the Effectiveness and Impact of Government Policies on Drug Eradication: A Comparative Analysis of Punitive, Harm Reduction, and Decriminalization Approaches.” Inspirasi & Strategi (INSPIRAT): Jurnal Kebijakan Publik & Bisnis 15, no. 1 (2024): 37–47. https://ejournal.isha.or.id/index.php/Inspirat/article/view/340
Hiariej, Eddy O S, and Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Pidana. “Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka, 2014.” View Item, 2022.
Howard, Zehr. “The Little Book of Restorative Justice.” Intercourse: Good Books, 2002, 1–89.
Hughes, Caitlin Elizabeth, and Alex Stevens. “What Can We Learn from the Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?” The British Journal of Criminology 50, no. 6 (2010): 999–1022. https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-abstract/50/6/999/404023
Indonesia, Badan Narkotika Nasional Republik. “Laporan Tahunan BNN Republik Indonesia.” Jakarta: Badan Narkotika Nasional Republik Indonesia, 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393456887_Komunikasi_Edukasi_Tentang_Penyalahgunaan_Narkoba_dan_Miras_di_Kab_Asahan
Merz, Fabien. “United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: World Drug Report 2017. 2017.” SIRIUS-Zeitschrift Für Strategische Analysen 2, no. 1 (2018): 85–86.
Mintarum, Ahadin, Vieta Imelda Cornelis, and Siti Marwiyah. “Rehabilitasi Bagi Pecandu Narkotika Sebagai Fungsi Asesmen.” COURT REVIEW: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum (e-ISSN: 2776-1916) 4, no. 03 (2024): 60–93. https://aksiologi.org/index.php/courtreview/article/view/1715
Nasution, Salsabila Putri Zahra, and Boedi Prasetyo. “Analisis Program Rehabilitasi Narkotika Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Pengguna Narkoba.” Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis 5, no. 12 (2024). https://ojs.rewangrencang.com/index.php/JHLG/article/view/719
Noya, Ekberth Vallen, and Ade Walakutty. “Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Ringan Melalui Restorative Justice Conferencing Initiative.” SANISA: Jurnal Kreativitas Mahasiswa Hukum 4, no. 1 (2024): 22–40. https://fhukum.unpatti.ac.id/jurnal/sanisa/article/view/2164
Putrirezhy, Quinissa. “Drugs, Death, Despair: Analysing Discourse over the Use of Capital Punishment for Drug Offences in Indonesia.” UiT Norges arktiske universitet, 2024.
Rahman, Daeng. “Perspektif Kebijakan Kriminal Dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Narkotika Di Indonesia.” Unes Journal of Swara Justisia 4, no. 4 (2021): 314–21. https://swarajustisia.unespadang.ac.id/UJSJ/article/view/186?articlesBySimilarityPage=21
Rangkuti, Karnadi, Adi Mansar, and Agusta Ridha Minin. “Kebijakan Kriminal Penanggulangan Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Di Lingkungan Sekolah (Studi SMA N 1 Ranto Baek Kabupaten Mandailing Natal).” RIO LAW JURNAL 5, no. 2 (2024): 601–9. https://ojs.umb-bungo.ac.id/index.php/RIO/article/view/1445
Ritter, Alison. “How Do Drug Policy Makers Access Research Evidence?” International Journal of Drug Policy 20, no. 1 (2009): 70–75. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095539590700254X
Sartika, Ika. “Penerapan Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik (SPBE) Melalui Sistem Database Pemasyarakatan (SDP) Guna Mewujudkan Good Governance Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Private Law 5, no. 3 (2025): 955–69. https://journal.unram.ac.id/index.php/privatelaw/id/article/view/8312
Sihotang, Nimrot, and A Md IP. Menuju Pemasyarakatan Yang Pasti Berdampak Bagi Hidup, Kehidupan, Dan Penghidupan. Prenada Media, 2025.
Stevens, Alex. Drugs, Crime and Public Health: The Political Economy of Drug Policy. Routledge-Cavendish, 2010.
Sunarso, H Siswanto, M H Sh, and M Kn. Viktimologi Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Sinar Grafika, 2022. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gOWCEAAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&hl=id
Syaputra, Eko. “Penerapan Konsep Restorative Justice Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Di Masa Yang Akan Datang.” Lex Lata, 2021. https://journal.fh.unsri.ac.id/index.php/LexS/article/view/1209
Tamher, Siga Ali, Basuki Basuki, and Tofik Yanuar Chandra. “Penegakan Hukum Asesmen Terpadu Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika.” Perfecto: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 3 (2023): 211–24.
Thomas, Natalie, Melissa Bull, Rachel Dioso-Villa, and Catrin Smith. “Governing Drug Use through Partnerships: Towards a Genealogy of Government/Non-Government Relations in Drug Policy.” International Journal of Drug Policy 28 (2016): 34–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26683746/
Verieza, Rio, Tofik Yanuar Chandra, and Santrawan Paparang. “Penerapan Rehabilitasi Bagi Penyalahguna Narkotika Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Di Indonesia.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 9, no. 4 (2022): 1047–58. https://jurnal-pasca.unla.ac.id/iustitiaomnibus/article/view/101
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Diovanni Nurfuzi Sari Hendona, Ade Maman Suherman, Indra Yudha Koswara, Tri Setiady, Wiwin Triyunarti

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.







