Phenology of Cinnamomum cullilawan

Abstract Cinnamomum cullilawan is one type of forest plants that is included in the type of aromatic plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the flowering development process as a basic information for the development and the breeding of this plant. The method used in this research was a descriptive method. The results of the observations indicated that the process of flowering C. cullilawan can be grouped into three major parts: the stage of initiation, budding and flowering, where each stage requires different formation times. At the initiation stage, since the emergence of generative shoots on the armpit until the formation of panicles takes two months. Furthermore, the stage of the appearance of buds at the ends of panicles and the formation of reproduction of flowers required two months period. After that the flowers will break slightly and then the petals will turn black and fall in the second week, after the flower process has blossomed.


Introduction
Phenology is a phase of flower formation which is one of the developmental processes in higher plants. This process of change is often known as floral evocation, where the flower parts will differentiate from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase. This development is certainly different in each species.
Cinnamomum is a genus of forestry plants from the Lauraceae family which is included in the type of aromatic plant. Sein and Mitlöhner (2011), said that the Lauraceae family has the characteristics of trees with bark to twigs containing essential oils. Heyne (1987) further stated that Cinnamomum consisted of 8 species namely C. burmanii BL., C. camphora Nees & Eberm., C. casia BL., C. javanicum Bl., C. parthenoxylon Meissn., C. sintok Bl. ., C. zeylanicum Breyn and C. culilawan. In Indonesia, the distribution of these species is uneven, as C.culilawan is only found growing and developing well in the Maluku Islands and Papua.
The potential of C. cullilawan in Papua is currently decreasing, this is indicated by the increasing difficulty of this plant being found in the field. The hunting of this species to be processed into oil and also the clearing of forest areas to clear roads for isolated areas and also the expansion of territories in Papua, make this species increasingly difficult to find. This species is much sought after by the public because of the value of the oil extracted from the bark of this plant is useful as aromatherapy, is also used as a warm rubbing oil, as well as a mixture of several medicinal herbs. Thus, to overcome the scarcity of this plant, it is necessary to develop various efforts for the cultivation of C. culilawan plants.
The growth and development of plants is very dependent on the conditions in which the plants grow, as well as climatic and weather factors that can trigger the flowering process (Kumar et al., 2014;Mundoni and Siburian, 2019). This also greatly affects every phase of the development of plant parts. Even in some types of plants, the stages of the flowering process require certain environmental conditions to be able to form flowers. In this regard, research on the stages of development of C.culilawan flowers needs to be carried out as basic information needed for the development and breeding techniques of this plant in the future.

Research methods
This research was carried out at the beginning of the flowering period of C.culilawann in the Faculty of Forestry, University of Papua. The observed tree has a branch-free height of 3 meters with a total tree height of 8.5 meters, and a tree diameter of 12 cm. This research was conducted in early January to May 2019 at the Faculty of Forestry Campus, Papua Manokwari University.
The tools needed in this research are camera, ladder and writing utensil. While the object in this study is the flower of the C.culilawan tree where the diameter of the tree trunk observed is 38 cm.
Observation Stage 1. Observations were made on productive branches which were marked by the appearance of flower stalks. 2. Observations were made based on the criteria used by Jamsari et al (2007) with several modifications, namely (1) initiation stage (2) small bud stage (3) large bud stage. For this reason, at each stage an observation limit is made to facilitate observation (Table 1). The data is then described and documented. Ovary When the flower petals begin to turn black and shrivel and then fall, the end of the fruit will appear in the petals 5.
Mature fruit The development of the fruit to start from small light green to dark green until the fruit turns dark purple, which indicates the fruit is ripe.

Results and Discussion
The results showed that the stages of development of C. cullilawan flowers in this study showed some rather specific characteristics at each stage, both in terms of color and size.

Initiation Stage
The stages of flower development begin with the formation of generative buds or flower primordia buds (reproductive meristem apex) in the leaf axils, where this process lasts approximately 2 months. Syamsuwida, 2012 said that flower initiation in the mindi species occurred for 3 months, even in the Shorea stenoptera species this process lasted for 6 months (Owen and Ogutu, 2013).
At the initiation stage where the floral meristem will form several parts that will differentiate into flower parts, the plant must reach a certain vegetative phase (maturity & ripeness to flower) and change to a reproductive phase. In part this change is often referred to as floral evocation. The length of each phase of vegetative change is highly dependent on each species, where each plant takes a different time to reach the ready-toflower phase.

Bud Stage
At this stage the flower panicles begin to develop, where the type C. cullilawan has the type of compound interest. Small buds begin to appear at the ends of the flower panicles. This process lasts for one week, which is followed by bud development. Where the size of the flower buds will appear to start to grow. Sandip et al (2015) stated that in the development process the size of the flower buds began to enlarge, at that stage the formation of ovaries and flower reproductive organs would occur, as shown in Figure 2. Based on observations during the development of C. culilawan flowers, environmental conditions where plants grow, such as rainfall, wind speed, and humidity, greatly affect the process, in addition to plant genetic factors (Siburian et al, 2019, Wabia and. This can be seen from the number of flowers at the beginning of the observation until the end of the observation, which experienced a very large reduction, especially in March and April, where there were quite a lot of rainy days at the time of the observation.