Pedagogi dan Filosofi Pendidikan: Pondasi dalam Membangun Pembelajaran Berkualitas

PONDASI DALAM MEMBANGUN PEMBELAJARAN BERKUALITAS

Abstract

The quality of education in Indonesia currently faces significant challenges, as evidenced by its low rankings in the 2018 and 2023 PISA surveys. These challenges stem from major issues such as disparities in infrastructure between cities and villages and the well-being of educators, as well as the smaller challenge of a lack of cohesive pedagogical understanding in the classroom. Many teachers still employ speculative and intuitive teaching methods without a strong scientific basis. This research aims to redesign quality learning by strengthening the pedagogical foundations and the three pillars of educational philosophy (ontology, epistemology, and axiology). Through a literature review, it was found that pedagogy should be reconsidered as a comprehensive guide encompassing the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects of students. From an ontological perspective, students should be viewed as whole and continuously developing individuals; from an epistemological perspective, teachers should choose methods based on scientific evidence; and from an axiological perspective, educational goals should encompass ethical and aesthetic values. In practice, competency-based curricula and the Independent Curriculum, which incorporate Pancasila values and local wisdom, are appropriate tools for addressing the challenges of the 21st century. Furthermore, this quality improvement requires synergy between the ideal character of teachers—adaptive, humanistic, and technologically literate—and macro-government policies that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reduce educational disparities.